Customer Service Standard Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Customer Service Standard Setting - Essay Example There have been many issues regarding the pipelines and other accessories that are used to transfer water throughout the city. The problem concerned is that the customer service centers have not been adequate enough to effectively fulfill the requirements of the general public. For this reason I am just not targeting any company instead I will target upon the entire water industry and propose a method that would enable them to make up better decisions using CBA(Cost Benefit Analysis) and the customer preference theory. An important and decisive factor that defines the end of a pipeline's functional life is the customer service standards that are in place. If customers are reluctant to accept any disturbances in water supply then the functional life of the pipeline is much shorter than that for a pipeline whose customers are ready to accept interruptions coupled with failures and the following repair of these failures. This methodology was based upon the procedure of Choice Modeling. Even as still a non-market technique, this technique is considered the state of the art in this area, and is a noteworthy improvement on approaches such as dependent valuation that are subject to context effects that is misrepresentation due to the way in which the questions are asked. Through the use of choice modeling and by questioning a statistically convincing number of customers and dealing with different subsets of this number with delicately varied choices, it is feasible to quantify customers' willingness to pay for various attributes. By classifying attributes valued by customers and their readiness to pay for them, the benefits side of the equation is complete. On the other side of this equation, of course, are costs. Also there is a need to develop an understanding of the social costs associated with water service provision. These comprise the cost of traffic disruption due to pipeline, repairs, failures or replacement (like road blocks occur when such construction or renovation takes place), and the loss to business just because of water service disturbances. These costs can be considerable depending on the conditions and should not be overlooked. Amusingly, these social costs amount high at both very rigid standards and very liberal ones, as social costs are accounted when pipes are often replaced to achieve the higher standard. In this methodology we need to consequently examine through various survey questions and focus groups about the attributes of disturbances of which the customers are most concerned. The questionnaire may include the SSI questions, and various other questions highlighting the attributes of water service. The detail of the results can be reported in the technical report. For the purposes of this report, the following can be stated as the method would show how the respondents coped up with the interruptions; the involved person generally could cope with short disturbances, and the components of such nuisances that are deemed to be important are: Time length of the interruption; Whether they are notified of the interruptions; What day the interruptions happened at what time and Finally, the number of interruptions per year This methodology should undergo identification of the interrupti

Gender Differences in Leadership Essay Example for Free

Gender Differences in Leadership Essay 1. What are the strongest points of the paper? What do you consider are its main contributions to the field of global people management? The paper itself has a very interesting purpose with the research question of whether women leaders are â€Å"really† different from men leaders. The paper gives a very good introduction in particular giving the literature review in order to get familiar with some basic knowledge on the topic of gender differences in leadership. The review focus combination of stereotypes and cultural differences stresses out well a new viewpoint of the problem, which has not been discussed that widely in prior research. Also the introduction of the new notion â€Å"stereotype threat†, which actually might be viewed as a partly solution for women sometimes performing not as well as they possibly could is an interesting point for management issues in reality. However the strongest points of the paper are evident. The introduction of the new concept of three paradigms: gender-blind view, gender-conscious view and that perception creates reality are not only the strongest points of the paper, but in my opinion can also be considered as contributions to the field of global people management. This new paradigms could possibly change the perception of companies, maybe companies will use the tool of the three paradigms to analyse their own structures and be able to improve situations for women, giving them more possibilities. 2. What are the weakest points of the paper? (E.g. What arguments are not strong enough? What is not clear? What is missing?) Potential drawbacks are that paradigms are introduced, but not sufficiently discussed within. Also the paper gives good examples where they can be found, it could show more proof for their existence apart from summarising and drawing them together from old findings. Also the paper does not find a good way how to manage diversity and to capture it. It does not manage the combination of cost-effective coordination and senility to local cultures. Likewise the paper focuses on only two firms, â€Å"Fuel† and â€Å"Excel†, which are very different in how they â€Å"fill† out the paradigms. In my opinion two firms are not enough, more firms should be reviewed for example in a questionnaire in order to give more support for the findings. Correspondingly the paper does not include a focus on multinational firms, which is very important not to leave out in times of globalization. The last criticism is that the paper is unable to answer it’s paper purpose question à ¢â‚¬Å"what is the real difference between men and women in leadership†. 3. How could the author make the paper better? When writing the literature review the could build up the research papers and the gained knowledge chronologically and not going back and forth in the research dates. As the paper is missing some numbers, the technique of hypothesis could have been used, a bigger number of companies questioned in survey style as then a quantitative analysis would exist as evidence for whether the problem exists in real life and whether paradigms can be implied in the general management world. Also the point of view of women on this topic would be very interesting and more expedient. How do women perceive the gender different initiatives, what would they like as support? Also the paper as already mentioned should include a focus on multinational firms and include those in a study.

Concepts of Symbolic Interactionism

Concepts of Symbolic Interactionism Aspects of the contemporary society of Britain, such as the Education and Religion may be explained through the use of the sociological perspectives, functionalism and symbolic interactionism. These perspectives offer contrasting insights into the inner-workings of society and are useful in attempting to understand these aspects of social life, utilizing both macrosociology; the study of widespread social processes and microsociology; the study of society at a interpersonal level. Symbolic Interactionism is a social psychological theory devised from the work of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead that studies how individuals act within society (Symbolic Interactionism, no date). The premise of this theory is that individuals behave towards different situations based upon the meaning that the situation holds to them, from physical objects such as trees to institutions such as the government, referred to as symbols. As Symbolic Interactionism is a microsociological theory, the perspective focuses on how the meaning of these symbols to a individual is derived from the interpersonal, social interaction in society. Then through an interpretative process upon experiences, the meanings an individual holds towards symbols will change (Blumer, 1986). There are many examples where individuals find social meaning through symbolic interaction, one being that without symbolic interaction many people would not smoke; however meaning is constructed through the medi a or peer groups and people rationalise that albeit the consequences smoking hold, smoking is desirable. Another social psychological concept of Symbolic Interactionism is Charles Horton Cooleys looking-glass self (1902), which explores how identity is formed. Charles concept states that an individuals identity grows out of interpersonal interactions, and the perception of others. This leads individuals in society to shape themselves around other peoples perspectives and opinions of themselves. The looking-glass self has three main components; firstly imagining how we appear to others, secondly imagining the judgement from others of that appearance and thirdly developing our identity through these judgements (Rousseau, 2002). Functionalism on the other hand is a macrosociological theory which originated from the works of Émile Durkheim, Functionalism is also known as a consensus perspective theory as the perspective does not deal with the issue of social conflict but rather at looks at the ideal in society. Durkheims view on the functionalist perspective looks at the macro-level of social structure, the social institutions, as to explain how these contribute to the stability of society; the core institutions being: family, government, economy, media, education and religion. To a functionalist these social institutions are designed to fill the needs of society, thus shaping society, creating stability (Crossman, 2016). The functionalist perspective argues that institutions only exist to serve a role in how society functions, if the role is no longer needed the institution would not be needed either and if new needs arise in society, institutions will be created to address these roles. As touched upon, Symbolic Interactionism is a micro-sociological theory looking at the interpersonal level of society and Functionalism is a macro-sociological theory which looks at society on the structural level. The difference between the perspectives is vast due to this difference. Using religion as an example Émile Durkheim argued that religion encouraged individuals of society to follow the social norms which Functionalist theorists perceive as bringing about stability through institution (Emile Durkheim the sociology of religion, no date). However as Symbolic Interactionism focuses on the micro level of society, instead of looking at religion as a institution and how it causes people to adhere to social norms, Interactionism looks at the symbolic meaning behind religion. A symbolic interactionist would observe the meanings people attach to such things as religious symbols, like a cross or a mosque, to see how they affect individual behaviour in society (Symbolic Interacti onism, no date). However there are similarities between these perspectives,ÂÂ   despite the differences as to what level of society the perspectives focus on, both theories are similar in how they group individuals together, be it through social class for functionalism and through symbols for interactionism. Education in Britain has changed drastically since the 20th century. The Education Act was introduced in 1944 which guaranteed education for free, for every child in England and Wales. This act also divided the schools into what is the norm today, primary education and secondary education. Throughout the 20th Century, education in britain was a complete contrast to education in contemporary society, corporal punishment was widely used; whereas today the education system has different methods of punishment and students have rights which prevent corporal punishment such as caning. Education in contemporary britain has evolved to be inclusive of gender and those with special educational needs as through the 20th century women and special needs were discriminated against and regarded as unintelligent. Education in contemporary britain has also integrated the use of technology, with the vast majority of students having access to smartphones and the like within school (Reporters, 2014)l. E ducation is at the forefront of modern day society with 33% of students earning a degree in 2000 in contrast to 3.4% of students in 1950. (Bolton, no date) Both perspectives attempt to explain this aspect of social life in contemporary britain in contrasting ways, the Functionalist perspective focuses on the the functions performed by the education system. A functionalist may argue that Education creates Social Solidarity. Social Solidarity is when individuals feel as though they are integrated into something bigger than themselves. Durkheims belief when it comes to education was that the system is built upon the common beliefs of individuals in society, Durkheim believed the system to be a product of collective thought rather than individual thought, therefore making the education system a expression of the collective conscious which adapts over time as societys values change, uniting society with shared values, which is known as value consensus (Hoenisch, 1996). Talcott Parsons (1961), an american functionalist which expanded upon Durkheims writings in the 1950s and 1960s, expressed his view on the education system can be related to c ontemporary britain as being useful to provide a trained labour force as, this is useful to contemporary britain due to it being a advanced industrial economy, which needs a complex division of labour in order to sustain (Cook, 2008). Talcott Parsons (1961) also argued that the education system is the bridge between family and society as a whole for students, preparing for their role in later life after their initial primary socialisation; which is where individuals learn and develop throughout their younger years (Agnihotri, 2008). Parsons (1961) believed that in the family, as the parents understand the unique abilities of their child, the parents will judge the child to a particular set of standards they have come to expect, this is known as particularistic standards. However due to the education system, children learn that outside of the family individuals are judged by universalistic standards, which is where rules and laws apply to all people, regardless of the character of th e person, education teaches this. From a functionalist viewpoint, education in contemporary britain is used to assign roles to people in society through the use of examinations and qualifications. Education also introduces meritocracy, which is a equality of opportunity; every student has a chance to succeed (Thompson, 2015). An interactionists perspective however will focus on studies on interpersonal interaction within the school, such as in the classroom, in the lunch hall and on the playground. Studies show that teachers perception of students can affect the learning environment, A study carried out by Robert Rosenthal (1968)ÂÂ   and Lenore Jacobson (1968) focuses on a group of students throughout a school year, at the start of the school year the teachers where told which students where intelligent and which where unintelligent. The study showed at the end of the year that the students which the teachers had been informed where intelligent performed better throughout the year than the students deemed unintelligent, although the students where labelled to the teachers at random. A Interactionist will look at how due to the teachers having that knowledge inadvertently caused them to praise the intelligent students more often, and spend more time with them. Interactionists will also look at how Soc ial Interaction contributes to gender-role socialization, studies show that teachers praise males more often (Jones Dindia, 2004) Functionalism is useful in understanding how the education system is more work focused in contemporary society with increasing vocational courses. The perspective allows us to see how roles are allocated in society and how the education system brings around a value consensus in society. Its also useful in understanding how society teaches children what the universalistic standards are. However Functionalism tends to look at the macro elements of the education system rather than at the interpersonal level where functionalism can be criticized due to ignoring negatives such as bullying. It can also be criticised due to the fact the Marxist perspective argues education is not meritocratic due to the fact private schools only benefit the wealthy. Symbolic Interactionism on the other hand is useful in understanding the interpersonal relationships between parties such as the teacher and the student, allowing researchers to understand how individuals behavior shape society through observati ons and gathering qualitative data, understanding how society come to learn gender roles and how the labelling theory works as shown in the study aforementioned; a student being given more praise makes the student believe they are intelligent and therefore tries to fit that label, which is known in sociology as the self-fulfilling prophecy. According to Manis and Meltzer (1978) Symbolic Interactionism also makes it difficult to understand on a broad level the education system in contemporary society due to being limited to only micro-social structures and that the perspective neglects emotional conduct, focusing only on logical behaviour. Bolton, P. (no date) Commons Briefing papers SN04252. House of Commons.

Essay --

1. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) The concept of GBR was described first in 1959 when cell-occlusive membranes were employed for spinal fusions 105.The terms ‘‘guided bone regeneration’’ and ‘‘guided tissue regeneration’’ (GTR) often are used synonymously and rather inappropriately. GTR deals with the regeneration of the supporting periodontal apparatus, including cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone, whereas GBR refers to the promotion of bone formation alone. GBR and GTR are based on the same principles that use barrier membranes for space maintenance over a defect, promoting the ingrowth of osteogenic cells and preventing migration of undesired cells from the overlying soft tissues into the wound. Protection of a blood clot in the defect and exclusion of gingival connective tissue and provision of a secluded space into which osteogenic cell from the bone can migrate are essential for a successful outcome. The sequence of bone healing is not only affe cted by invasion of non-osteogenic tissue, but more so by the defect size and morphology. A predictable intraoral GBR approach was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s; 108-110 (bone augmentation techniques 2007) The survival rates of implants placed in augmented sites with GBR are reported in many publications, survival rates range from 91.7 to 100%. However, there are few data about the success rate of dental implants placed in those areas, according to universally established criteria. This may represent a limit in evaluating the reliability of the GBR technique, because a high implant survival rate may not correspond to a high GBR success rate bearing in mind that an implant can remain stable and osseointegrated even if the total amount of regenerated tissue ... ...nd limitations must also be being considered. Some authors have reported partial relapse of the gained bone. More studies are needed to assess the implant survival in the bone gained by DO versus other augmentation methods, including new bone substitutes and augmentation factors. (Alveolar ridge augmentation for implant fixation: status review zakhary 2012). Determination of what technique should be used, is largely surgeon preference and on the extent of the defect and specific procedures to be performed for the implant reconstruction. It is most appropriate to use an evidenced-based approach when a treatment plan is being developed for bone augmentation cases. (Bone augmentation techniques. 2007)(Clinical outcomes of vertical bone augmentation to enable dental implant placement: a systematic review.2008) (Bone Grafting the Mandible Patrick J. Louis, DDS, MD 2011)

A Long Way Gone vs Blood Diamond Essay

A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier and the recent 2006 film Blood Diamond both depict how it was living in Sierra Leone, Africa during the Civil War in the ‘90’s. While A Long Way Gone focuses on child soldiers and what they had to live and go through for many years, Blood Diamond focuses mainly on how the country is torn apart by the struggle between government soldiers and rebel forces. The film portrays many of the atrocities of that war, including the rebels’ amputation of people’s hands to stop them from voting in upcoming elections. Both the movie and the book try to tackle major issues by asking the questions: how did the rebels and the government gain support, what is the price and impact of way on men, women, children and society. The question addressed by Blood Diamond and A Long Way Gone is that of how the rebels and the government gained the support of the people. This brings up the major issue of child soldiers in Africa, as it is an important topic in both the book and the movie. Blood Diamond and A Long Way Gone both explore this issue, but Blood Diamond shows boys soldiers on the side of the RUF while A Long Way Gone shows them on the side of the national army. Blood Diamond shows how the RUF recruited soldiers, especially young boys. The RUF gained support by force, attacking villages and enslaving the men and boys they captured. The film begins with the capture of Solomon Vandy, a Mende fisherman, by the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebels. Separated from his family, Solomon is enslaved to work in the diamond fields under the command of Captain Poison. The RUF use the diamonds to fund their war effort, often trading them directly for arms. Solomon’s son Dia Vandy is later captured by the RUF and forced to fight for them. They brainwash him by blindfolding him and making him kill people he does not know. They also tell him that he will be a hero of the revolution and he will get respect by killing people. His commander tells him that he can get whatever he wants, â€Å"guns, cd’s, food,† and he gives him drugs to help control him and make him think he will be â€Å"strong, invisible to his enemies. Bullets will bounce off him,† and to make him fearless in battle. It is with these techniques that the RUF gained support, by forcing people to become their soldiers and workers and killing any that opposed them. While Blood Diamond showed how the RUF gained support, A Long Way Gone showed how the government’s army gained support to fight the RUF. They gained followers by taking in men and boys displaced by the war and looking for a place to live and for safety. In A Long Way Gone, Ishmael Beah tells how his village was also attacked by the RUF and burnt to the ground, but he and several of his friends were not there at the time and were able to escape. He made his way to the village of Yele that was said to be occupied by the army and a safe haven from the RUF. He and his friends lived safely for a time, but the army suffered many loses from the rebels. The army explained that â€Å"in the forest there are men waiting to destroy all of our lives. Some of you are here because they killed your parents, others because this is a safe place to be. Well it is not that safe anymore. † They said that they needed strong men and boys to keep the village safe, and if they did not want to fight, they would get no food and not be allowed to stay in the village. Everyone knew leaving the village meant death at the hands of the rebels, so there was very little choice for Beah and his friends and they joined the army. The army inspired and motivated their young soldiers by reminding them that it was â€Å"their time to revenge the deaths of their families and to make sure more children did not lose their families,† and that that they were performing â€Å"the highest service they could perform for their country. † They also provided the boy soldiers with drugs like cocaine, brown brown (which was a mixture of cocaine and gun powder), and marijuana to control them and make them fearless in battle. Also, over time, the army did not have enough soldiers, so they began to attack villages for supplies to force men and boys to â€Å"fight for their country. Blood Diamond and A Long Way Gone both effectively showed how the rebels and the government gained support, and spread awareness of the issue of children soldiers in Africa. They painted a detailed picture of the horrible events that young men had to witness and participate in, and the struggles they faced during and after the civil war. The next question that both Blood Diamond and A Long Way Gone addresses is the price and impact of war on men, women, children, and society. I feel that both the movie and the book show similar aspects on how people and society are affected because of the war. Many young boys lost all of their family in the chaos of the shootings and had to fend for themselves for the remaining years of the war. Becoming child soldiers on both the government side and the rebels side made many of the boys very disturbed. A Long Way Gone describes horrific images abound; such as bullets sticking out of the back of a baby or 12 year old boys marching to the front, dragging their guns by the muzzle as they’re too small to carry them. What is worse is the sense that such horror becomes normalised by its commonality. During his time in the government army, Beah says he killed â€Å"too many people to count. † Which shows how disturbing it would be for a young child having to do such things. In Blood Diamond, Dia Vandy is captured by the rebels to fight for them. He is taught to fight aimlessly, shooting everything in his path. The rebels brainwashed him. When his father Solomon comes to his rescue, Dia at first acts like he doesn’t know who he is, he tells him to go away, he doesn’t want to be near him. Finally Solomon convinces his son to leave the rebels and run away with him. As for how the war impacted women and young girls, they were either shot and killed as they tried to get away or they were brought to a safe place working in the kitchen cooking food for the men. Blood Diamond and A Long Way Gone are both effective tools to tell the world about Sierra Leone and the issues in Africa. Both were able to educate the public about the start of the civil war through the exploitation of diamonds and the corruption of the government, as well as show everyone the awfulness of children soldiers. This book and movie, as well as several others and the work of dedicated people, have been able to tell the stories of Africa, spread awareness, and gain support to make a difference. Even though Blood diamond explains that for now Sierra Leone is at peace, there is still work to do. It urges consumers to insist that the diamonds they purchase are conflict free and reminds everyone that there are still 200,000 children soldiers in Africa. Overall, both are excellent at conveying their message and hopefully have helped make a difference in Africa.

Psychological Impact of Stereotype

Psychological Impact of Stereotype Free Online Research Papers Society is shared with a diverse group of people who express individuality in their own distinct way. Although we may experience and share much of our culture with other people, and transfer it from one generation to another, it impacts everyone differently. Our culture is primarily responsible for the characteristics that make us unique and special. Culture is the shaping of our minds and our lives by the norms, morals, values, ideas, traditions, customs, art, history, and institutions. It also encompasses our physical attributes such as height, skin color, gender, sexual orientation, and religion. Culture has an undeniable impact on our attitudes, how we perceive the world, and our interpersonal interactions. Stereotypes We are all guilty of using stereotypes, more than we care to admit. Stereotypes are a quick and effective way we identify observable characteristics of a few representatives from a group. We may hear something secondhand, and we apply these attributes collectively to the whole. This brings about a view of the entire group that makes them seem less threatening and overwhelming. Using the stereotype allows the person to feel more comfortable and powerful. People judge other people, and fall short. Understanding the background, the values, traditions and the essence of an individual or a culture is difficult and time consuming. Therefore, it is easier to use limited knowledge to generalize and apply labels. Labels are generally prejudiced and biased, yet accepted as stereotypes for large cultures such as African American or Native American, but also smaller ones, such as women, liberals and conservatives, police officers, and religions. These all too commonly distort the view of particular individuals or groups. (Dahlstrom, 1993). Stereotypes make people judgmental about others. Oftentimes they are used as a scapegoat. Stereotypes allow a way to separate â€Å"their† behavior from â€Å"my† behavior. They prevent identifying and understanding the actual feelings experienced. The belief remains that the problem is how â€Å"those people† are, instead of addressing the feelings of hurt, confusion, anger, etc. (Moore, 2007). Negative Stereotyping has generated laws and rules that benefit some people, and exclude, or punish other people. The Jim Crow laws forcibly discrimated against African Americans and did not permit their entry into certain places, or allow them to take part in particular activities. The negative effect of internalizing the negative stereotype of a woman’s need to be very thin to be beautiful may harm a woman’s self-esteem. It could lead to eating disorders, and a vulnerability to plastic surgery that will perpetuate this image. The stereotype of Asian Americans as driven, successful and possessing extreme intelligence should be positive; however, it places an unnecessary burden on individuals to thrive and succeed, and may lead to depression and higher rates of suicide (Moore, 2007). To combat the effect of stereotypes, people should concentrate on relationship, on discovering the commonalities that all people share. When people share a common thread, the practice of respect and understanding come into play, rather than ignorant stereotyping that justifies terrible actions and behaviors. Homelessness The stereotype of the homeless population is made up of, old white men, the mentally ill, and runaway teens. Yet the homeless community is different from the primarily incorrect stereotypes. Homelessness results from family breakdown or tragedy, or natural disaster, or the socially less competent or disabled unable to receive familial or societal help. The majority of the homeless population is made up of working and underclass backgrounds, but it is not unfamiliar with people from all cultural identities, socioeconomic backgrounds, and family types (Lacher, 2005). To live a normal life, a home to live in is required. The homeless do not have privacy, freedom, or independence. They do not have access to security or a place of their own to relax. The homeless cannot take a regular shower, have regular meals, a permanent address, phone number, or place to sleep. When a homeless person searches for a job, he or she may find one, then be turned away because of the stereotype and stigma related to living homeless. If he or she does acquire a job, it may be a burden to keep because the loss of resources connected with living in a home makes it difficult to be successful at the job. It is also unfortunate that many of the jobs available to the homeless population do not pay enough or provide the benefits that would overcome homelessness (Lacher, 2005). Homelessness is a hardship that produces a tragic outcome for many individuals and families. Psychological trauma resulting in emotional distress and emotional disorder is a potential and likely effect for those faced with the reality of homelessness. First, both the unexpected, sudden loss, and the gradual losing of a home, results in the sacrifice of neighbors, routines, and maybe even family members. The aftermath can undoubtedly be a severe stressor that produces symptoms of psychological stress and trauma. The ongoing burdens of lack of safety, no predictability or control that is associated with living in a homeless shelter, may wear away at the remaining coping mechanisms causing or exacerbating psychological stress and trauma. Finally, especially for women who become homeless after a history of physical or sexual abuse, psychological trauma will most likely be aggravated and there will be an overwhelming barrier to recovery (Goodman, Saxe, Harvey, 1991). Ageism In our society people are most often automatically sorted into three dominant categories: race, sex, and age. The most socially accepted and condoned prejudice in the United States today, is age prejudice (Nelson, 2002). Older people are stereotyped as physically ill, senile, sexually ineffective, and helpless. Wisdom and knowledge is the honorable gift of age. Instead of embracing the natural process of aging, most people dread the inevitability of becoming older, and all its social implications. The truth is, the older generation is made up of immensely diverse individuals who are not that easily classified. Society may view people over 65 with â€Å"one foot in the grave,† or â€Å"ready to be put out to pasture,† these individuals view themselves as active, energetic, and productive members of the community. It is an unfortunate attribute of our society that perpetuates the negative stereotypes that are aimed toward the elderly. These harmful biases and impressions cause people to develop wrong attitudes and behave adversely toward the aged. Older people’s ability to be vigorous, productive and creative doesn’t change. Rather, it is society’s unwillingness to see seniors as vital and effective contributors despite the fact that they reach retirement age. An unfortunate by product of internalizing these negative stereotypes results in many older individuals absorbing these concepts into his or her own mind-sets. This is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy. By buying into society’s stereotype, the older person internalizes these assumptions and their behavior confirms the stereotype. A study has shown that older people who embrace a positive self-image of them aging, lived approximately 7.5 years longer than those with negative self-perceptions. Those people who have a positive experience with aging have better memories and better balance. Positive attitudes will foster a positive impact on aging (Stanford Edu., 2009). Conclusion Perhaps there is nothing that will end society’s ingrained bias that Asian Americans are ruthlessly successful, the homeless are mentally unstable drug addicts, and the elderly are frail and powerless. The exaggeration of negative aspects, simplifying preconceived images of people, is societies obsession. An awareness of the background, the values, traditions and the essence of an individual or a culture would reveal the inadequacies of these misinterpreted stereotypes. When people build mutual relationships the practice of respect and understanding come into play, rather than ignorant stereotyping that justifies terrible actions and behaviors. References: Dahlstrom, W. (1993). Tests: Small samples, large consequences. American Psychologist, 48(4), 393-399. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.393 Goodman, L., Saxe, L., Harvey, M. (1991). Homelessness as psychological trauma: Broadening perspectives. American Psychologist, 46(11), 1219-1225. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.46.11.1219. Lacher, A. (2005).- Homelessness and Poverty: A Cross Cultural Study of Homelessness and Social Policy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, PA Online . 2009-05-25 from allacademic.com/meta/p22313_index.html Moore, J. (2007Year, May 4). The effects of stereotyping [Opinion and editorial]. Message posted to associatedcontent.com/article/233134/the_effects_of_stereotyping_pg2.html?cat=9 Nelson, T.D. (2002). Ageism: stereotyping and prejudice against older persons. : MIT Press. Stanford Edu.. (2009). Global public health and marginalized populations: sexuality, disability, age, etc.. Retrieved from http://stanford.edu/class/humbio129s/cgi-bin/blogs/marginalizedpop/2009/05/14/global-public-health-and-the-elderly-ageism-and-mental-health/ Research Papers on Psychological Impact of Stereotype19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHip-Hop is ArtCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital Punishment

Modern world Essay Example

Modern world Essay Example Modern world Essay Modern world Essay In the modern world, official statistics cover the economy, crime, unemployment, education etc. Official statistics, such as the GHS, represent an extensive source of data on changing attitudes to particular social issues; they also show trends and patterns within a society. Official statistics are data collected or sponsored by the government and its agencies. However, they have been greatly criticised, many sociologist argue that official statistics lack validity and reliability, therefore cannot be an accurate picture of society. This essay shall focus on certain official statistics to see whether the criticisms surrounding them are justified. This can be shown in the way the statistics are collected produced and processed for example in crime statistics police procedures and practices. Statistics enable one to understand the dynamics of society there are three main perspectives on official statistics from the school of thoughts, firstly the realist school, second, the institutionalist school and finally, the radical school of thought. The realist point out that the official statistic distort the true picture but take statistics as objective indicators of the phenomena to which they refer. Institutionalist school reject the idea official statistics are objective indicators of social conditions. They consider official statistics as neither valid nor reliable indicators of objective phenomena. The institutionalist believes official statistics tell one more about process of how the official statistics are made. The radical, agrees with the institutionalist, however they would locate the institutionalist theory within a wider theory of the dynamics and structure of society. 1 (Squires 1990) Official statistics is secondary data, which is information that has already been allocated and readily available. Many sociologists such as (Hakim 1982) argue that there are problems with using official statistics for the simple fact of them being secondary data. For example, one may look at results and interpretations differently from those presented in the initial report on the survey2. This highlights the fact that secondary analysis use data for purposes other than that of which they were collected. Although doing this is in many ways a goods thing, it can create problems. Key social variables is official statistics is often deficient in some ways. Since the researcher does not collect the data there is very little they can do to rectify possible omission, for example how information as been collected and processed. In some cases secondary data such as official Statistics may be transformed and manipulate to suit ones argument or hypotheses. For instance, this approach may be used between different parties such as Labour and Conservatives. Figures in crime statistics for sexual assaults have increased 0. 4%,3 one party may interpret this as an increase in the number of people reporting sex crimes another party may interpret or manipulate these results to suggest there is an overall increase in the number of sex crimes committed. This indicates how official statistics can be manipulated to show different outcomes therefore questioning whether official statistics especially crime statistics are valid and reliable. Another example to show how the government or other agencies can manipulate results is in the case of employment figures in 1994. Conservatives politician celebrated the fall of unemployment they stated that it was due to economic recovery, while Michael Portillo insisted that government intervention in the labour market was inappropriate interference with market forces4 (newsnight 1 august 1994). Therefore questioning whether real drops in figures represent real drops in unemployment. Official statistics are information that has been collected on individuals in society that are used and stored. However, the production of official statistics is not unproblematic. To help understand certain limitations and some of the discussions concerning problems with official statistics this essay shall use crime statistics as an example to highlight many of the problems and criticisms faced by certain official statistics, however the limitations and criticised faced by criminal statistics do not apply to all official statistics. Criminal statistics are published for England and Wales they provide information and indications on the types of crimes being committed and the extent to which crime is increasing or decreasing. In the media there are often reports about certain crimes for example assaults against women , this in turn increases fear of crime amongst women. However, womens fear of crime is real enough and should not be dismissed as simply false5 ( stanko 1990). For the reason that crime statistics on sexual offences which are primarily carried out on women, show 37,263 sexual offences this is a small amount compared to overall crime figures. Criminologist such as walklate (1989) explains that sexual offences are crimes that are least likely to be reported to the police6 since women are often scared to report the crime. Suggesting that many of the crimes go unreported therefore are not represented in the criminal statistics. This can be used to argue how reliable criminal statistics is in portraying the true extending of crime how high is the validity in criminal statistics. This can demonstrate whether official statistics actually pick up the trends and patterns of society to they really reflect how society really is. In order for criminal statistics to be accurate, it must sustain validity and reliability for example two different incidents not being categorised the same way shows reliability. Police recording and practices for criminal statistics will be used to highlight how official statistics are often criticised for the way in which they obtain information and then portrayed in statistics. The counting methods in policing records are artificial conventions meaning they are not impermeable, as they like to think. The rules on the counting method are not entirely consistent, walker (1995) makes the point that one result of these rules is that they over represent offences of violence as compared to thefts7. Maguire (1999) makes a different point: if the rules were changed for example to allow all cheque frauds to be counted separately, the overall picture of crime might look significantly different indicating that if different measurements of counting was taken then certain figures of crime would double or even triple in numbers8. The same argument can be used in official statistics about poverty provided by the DSS, measurement for poverty has been highly criticised, for example there is no definite definition of poverty and that homeless people are not included in the survey in Britain and Wales. One can then argue how can statistics on poverty therefore be reliable. These problems faced in statistics emphasize the way in which information is collected, what information is collected or in the case of poverty information not collected can distort figures. Consequently suggesting that the statistics do not reflect the true picture of society, which subsequently makes official statistics difficult to use as a provider on showing how society changes over time9, If the way in which crime is collect is not consistent or does not have any structure. Although there are criticism on the procedures and recording in official statistics, one can not argue that official statistics produce interesting findings on contemporary society which despite there inadequacy, have been used by both radical and realist researchers alike. Arguable official statistics may have some flaws nevertheless the methologicial value of official data can often be very good for example, the census. Many criminologists such as painter (1995) argues that crime statistics do not portray an accurate picture on certain crimes such as rape, consecutively one can claim that rape is a very delicate subject and the criminal statistics representation of rape is not a defect on its ability to produce good quality data. For example Evidence shows that the same crimes, which are least likely to be reported to the police, are also least likely to be captured by victimization surveys10 (Walklate 1984 page 78). The 1982 and 1984 BCS had only one report each concerning rape and the Merseyside crime survey failed to find any reports of sexual offences against women (Kinsey 1984) this highlights certain aspects of victim surveys are not useful for collecting valid data on the dark figure of crime. Some studies had found that domestic violence is more likely to be reported to the police than to survey interviewer. This can be understandable because at the time of the incident, a woman may have reason to report the crime to the police but later may not be inclined to reveal such a personal thing to survey researchers11, the same argument may be use for rape. This therefore highlights that certain social issues are impossible to collect and official statistics are being over criticised because statistics that may portray a false image of society is inevitable.

Operational Definition of Behavior in a School Setting

Operational Definition of Behavior in a School Setting   An operational definition of behavior is a tool for understanding and managing behaviors in a school setting. It is an explicit definition that makes it possible for two or more disinterested observers to identify the same behavior when observed, even when it occurs in very different settings. Operational definitions of behavior are vital to defining a target behavior for both a  Functional Behavior Analysis  (FBA) and a  Behavior Intervention Program  (BIP). While operational definitions of behavior can be used to describe personal behaviors, they can also be used to describe academic behaviors. To do this, the teacher defines the academic behavior the child should exhibit. Why Operational Definitions Are Important It can be very difficult to describe a behavior without being subjective or personal. Teachers have their own perspectives and expectations which can, even inadvertently, become part of a description. For example, Johnny should have known how to line up, but instead chose to run around the room, assumes that Johnny had the capacity to learn and generalize the rule and that he made an active choice to misbehave. While this description may be accurate, it may also be incorrect: Johnny may not have understood what was expected or may have started running without intending to misbehave. Subjective descriptions of behavior can make it difficult for the teacher to effectively understand and address the behavior.  To understand and address the behavior, its extremely important to understand how the behavior  functions.  In other words, by defining behavior in terms of what can clearly be seen, we are able to also examine the antecedents and consequences of the behavior. If we know what happens before and after the behavior, we can better understand what instigates and/or reinforces the behavior. Finally, most student behaviors occur in multiple settings over time. If Jack tends to lose focus in math, hes likely to lose focus in ELA (English Language Arts) as well. If Ellen is acting out in first grade, chances are shell still be acting out (at least to some degree) in second grade. Operational definitions are so specific and objective that they can describe the same behavior in different settings and at different times, even when different people are observing the behavior. How to Create Operational Definitions The operational definition should become part of any data that is collected in order to establish a baseline for measuring behavioral change. This means the data should include metrics (numerical measures). For example, rather than writing Johnny leaves his desk during class without permission, its more useful to write Johnny leaves his desk two to four times per day for ten minutes at a time without permission. The metrics make it possible to determine whether the behavior is improving as a result of interventions. For example, if Johnny is still leaving his desk but now hes only leaving once a day for five minutes at a time, there has been a dramatic improvement. Operational definitions should also be part of the Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA) and the Behavior Intervention Plan (known as the BIP). If you have checked off behavior in the special considerations section of the Individual Education Program (IEP) you are required by federal law to create these important behavior documents in order to address them.   Operationalizing the definition (determining why it happens and what it accomplishes) will also help you identify the replacement behavior.  When you can operationalize the behavior and identify the function, you can find a behavior that is incompatible with the target behavior, replaces the reinforcement of the target behavior, or cant be done at the same time as the target behavior.   Operational Definition of Behavior Non-operational (subjective) definition:  John blurts out questions in class. Which class? What does he blurt? How often does he blurt? Is he asking questions that relate to the class? Operational  definition, behavior:  John blurts out relevant questions without raising his hand three to five times during each ELA class. Analysis: John is paying attention to the content of the class, as he is asking relevant questions. He is not, however, focusing on the rules of classroom behavior. In addition, if he has quite a few relevant questions, he may be having trouble understanding the ELA content at the level its being taught. It is likely that John could benefit from a refresher on classroom etiquette and some ELA tutoring to be sure he is working at grade level and is in the right class based on his academic profile. Non-operational (subjective) definition:  Jamie throws temper tantrums during recess. Operational  Definition, behavior:  Jamie shouts, cries, or throws objects each time she participates in group activities during recess (three to five times per week).   Analysis: Based on this description, it sounds like Jamie only becomes upset when she is involved with group activities but not when she is playing alone or on playground equipment. This suggests that she may have difficulty in understanding the rules of play or social skills required for group activities, or that someone in the group is intentionally setting her off. A teacher should observe Jamies experience and develop a plan that helps her to build skills and/or changes the situation on the playground. Non-operational (subjective) definition:  Emily will read at the second-grade  level. What does that mean? Can she answer comprehension questions? What kind of comprehension questions?  How many words per minute? Operational Definition, academic: Emily will read a passage of 100 or more words at the 2.2 grade level with 96 percent accuracy. Accuracy in reading is understood  as the number of correctly read words divided by the total number of words. Analysis:  This definition is focused on reading fluency, but not on reading comprehension. A separate definition should be developed for Emilys reading comprehension. By separating these metrics, it will be possible to determine whether Emily is a slow reader with good comprehension, or whether she is having trouble with both fluency and comprehension.

The federal reserve system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The federal reserve system - Essay Example The Federal Reserve, or the central bank, is among the most powerful economic institution in the United States of America. The Federal Reserve was given the power over regulation of the value of money by congress. In simple terms, the Federal Reserve came into being by enactment of the Congress. Consequently, the Congress has the obligation of overseeing the monetary policy and the Federal Reserve. This paper analyzes the importance of the Federal Reserve and strategy in stabilizing the economy of the country. The Fed System consists of a board of Directors, 12 regional bank branches in major US cities, and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), the decision making unit of the Fed (Wells 19). The functions of the Fed are vital to the economy of the US as they play a major role in management aggregate demand, total spending, and most importantly, inflation. In the management of aggregate demand, the Fed applies relatively accurate counter-cyclical monetary policy to manage economic activities or aggregate demand. This translates to the essence of monetary policy in the business cycle; the recessions and booms are direct effects of monetary policy set in place. Ultimately, the stability economic activities depend on the stability of the monetary policies. The monetary policy upheld by the Fed also determines the inflation rate in the country. The government at times uses inflation to increase tax revenues thus reducing its debts. On the negative side, inflation disrupts the price system, thus affecting the free market economy. From these deductions, the lasting solution to inflation is stabilizing prices. This can be made one of the monetary policies of FOMC by the Congress. Another important role played by the Fed is that of being the lender of last resort. During crises, the Fed may increase the reserve or liquidity demand requirements thus automatically preventing liquidity shortages and stabilizing the economy. These liquidity reserves need to be adequate and available in economic crises. The Fed also influences the interest rates of major economic sector like automobiles, investments, and housing. The Fed, through its Federal open Market Committee (FOMC) unit, controls the economy of the nation through its monetary policy. Monetary policy is the strategy of either decreasing or increasing the supply of money to enhance a stable growth of the economy. The Fed, with the authority installed upon it in the Monetary Control Act of 1980, may influence the economy through its three main tools; reserve requirements, open market operation or interest rates (Wells 4). On the reserve requirement, the Fed may impose a reserve requirement ratio that is either lower or higher than the prevailing ratio, depending on the nature of the crisis. This rule applies to all the operational banks regardless of their membership to the Fed. An increase in the reserve ratio requirement decreases the supply of money in the economy, and vice versa. To understan d this concept, let us assume that the Fed has imposed a 10% reserve requirement on banks. This translates to 10% of all deposits made. Some calculations translate to ten times the amount of money created, or in general, 1/R, where R is the reserve requirement ratio. Since the banks require only 10% of the amount deposited by their clients for reserve, the actual deposit equals 10% of the number of loans the bank can create. Therefore, the number of total loans a bank can create equals to the actual deposit divided by the reserve requirement. The reserve requirement ratio is very powerful tool, and has only been used twenty two times in a period of 40 years. Nevertheless, the reserve ratio has been maintained at 50% since 1974. The discount rate is also biased by the FOMC for stability of the economy. Discount window is an economical term that refers to the Feds when it lends out money to banks, and the interest rate is known as the discount rate (as the banks turned assets in excha nge for cash). For

Power Relations and the Reporting of International News Essay

Power Relations and the Reporting of International News - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that globalization has brought huge changes in this world. Virtually, there are no life segments in which globalization failed to make an impact. In politics, economics, education, business as well as in social and cultural activities, globalization has brought huge changes. Journalism or reporting of international news is another area in which globalization was able to bring significant changes. It should be noted that the power relations have been changed drastically after the collapse of former the Soviet Union. Earlier, America and the Soviet Union were the undisputed superpowers in this world and the majority of the other countries were keen on establishing the political relationship with these countries. It should be noted that majority of the communist countries took aside of the Soviet Union whereas a majority of the capitalist countries joined hands with America during the cold war period. As a result of that, the media in differen t countries started to make and report news wither in favor of America or in favor of Soviet Union, based on the political relationship of their mother country with the superpowers. In other words, neutrality in the reporting of international news has been severely damaged during the cold war period. At the same time, the destruction of Soviet Union, as well as the introduction of globalization, has changed the reporting of international news drastically. America became the undisputed leader in global politics after the destruction of Soviet Union, even though China is rapidly becoming the second superpower in the world. Moreover, â€Å"the forces of  resurgent market liberalism, the decline of public service broadcasting, the global collapse of dictatorships and the outbreak of the so-called ‘catching up’ or ‘velvet’ revolutions of 1989-1991† have contributed heavily to the changes in the global reporting styles. In short, the rapid changes in the global political and economic spectra have contributed heavily to the changes in the reporting of international events.

System enhancement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

System enhancement - Essay Example re cases when the previous ticket is nicely documented, the engineer is even able to find troubleshooting commands as well as specifics on how to solve the customer’s issue. Escalation engineers are usually the best resort for the TAC engineer but, given the ratio of escalation persons to TAC engineers, a TAC engineer will ONLY reach out to his escalations when he doesn’t know the answer, or is unable to locate a Cisco document that would solve his issue and is not able to find a similar previous ticket or at least a previous ticket with valuable and relevant information. Topic tool, however, is at the TAC engineers’ disposal at any time and readily available with a tremendous amount of information. The real challenge is being able to search for the information you need and be able to find the answers you want on topic in the shortest time possible. The goal is not only to solve a case but to solve it quickly. Experience has shown that the more information added to the topic database and the shorter the time required to find that information equals the shorter the resolution time. This enhanced the overall customer’s experience with TAC. In some cases, the customer is a person with more experience than the TAC engineer himself but they still call in with a firm belief that their issue will be resolved because they know that a TAC engineer has the resources and will be able to find the answer from a previous ticket, filed notice, or a documented bug, all of which reside on our topic database. Out of all the resources available for TAC engineers there is consensus among TAC engineers that they get most of the answers to resolve their cases from the information found on the topic tool. The goal of this proposal is to make topic search a richer tool by adding more information to it, hence enabling TAC engineers to find solutions to a wider spectrum of issues. Based on my investigation, research and discussions with other engineers I found that an engineer

Ethics Development, Understanding & Application Essay

Ethics Development, Understanding & Application - Essay Example Ethics too considers the psychophysical behavior of human beings, but always with reference to some standard of what behavior ought to be. Behavior considered in terms of a moral situation is called conduct. A psychologist who tried to use the technique of the mathematician or physicist would find that his results bore little relation to the qualitative variety of people's minds. Similarly, the methods appropriate to ethics are not identical with the methods that have given effective results in biology, psychology, economics, or law. Ethics stands in important relations to each of these disciplines, but whatever materials the ethical philosopher may draw from related fields he draws simply as material to which his own distinctive method is to be applied. The ethics have great concerns with the societal trends, a person cannot be known as ethical who doing something that is actually considered good in his own view but the society condemns it. It is also dealing with the personal sense of choosing between right and wrong, if a person is acting in a way that is making himself feel wrong, then it is unethical. The Morals have although got direct concern with the ethics, the values are the trends that are set by the society no matter they are right or wrong for anyone but they are being followed by most of the individuals in the society and are considered to be right by the majority. Values again have direct concerns with the ethics as they define what actually is right and wrong, what is good and what is evil. Values are just our beliefs, or standards that we take into account on daily basis. My ethics have just been very much similar to what every one is following here, I consider the prohibited wrong and the usual practices right. I have been ethically sound as I know many of the things wrong, I consider breaking a traffic rule to be unethical, I consider hitting or fighting with someone to be unethical, I consider going for prayers to be very ethical, and also I consider to have illicit relation to be extremely unethical. I consider respecting elders to be ethical and cheating to be very unethical. Also religion have some influence in making me ethically more superior, the parents and the family have played even a bigger role in providing me with knowledge of what is socially acceptable. Friends and teachers also have got a lot to do with what I consider right and wrong. In my view, there are many forces that are making me understand the ethics, the rights and wrongs. Overall, the society, the parents, the religion, the friends and teachers have made me understood the ethical practices. My religion influenced my ethical behavior by emphasizing on many things considered to be wrong for instance by prohibiting the illicit relations. The society influenced my ethical behavior by giving me the concept of what could lead to punishment and what could lead to reward. My parents influenced my ethical behavior by perhaps not fighting with each other and living together after marriage with a proper sharing of everything with each other. My friends influenced my ethical behavior by ensuring that they are not really involved in any such criminal acts like drugs and other crimes. My teachers influenced my eth

My Writing Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Writing Skills - Essay Example I am well aware that attaining higher education requires a lot of writing. Although I never experienced writing before in a higher level other than those required in school, such requirement does not present itself to me as something I have to far but a challenge that I must face. I may not be very good with my communication skills both orally or in the written form but I believe that such is the very thing I need for me to improve my communication skills. I have always feared having written reports because I know I am not good in articulating the things I really want to express but then I now see the mistakes I have committed. Running away from such responsibilities are not helping me at all. I refused to learn by doing the things I needed to do so now I would like to do my own papers so I could improve on my writing skills. I believe there is a wide room for me to improve myself so I am changing my way of thinking and my attitude towards writing. I think writing, like any other tas k is perfected only by practicing it though I must admit that I would need to work harder than my fellow students. One of the things I think would help me in my writing is to read a lot and listen intently to native speakers on how they express themselves through words so that I would be able to increase my vocabulary as well.

Designing a teacher survey about teacher education in Qatar Research Paper

Designing a teacher survey about teacher education in Qatar - Research Paper Example Survey can be in terms of geography; like aerial survey, communal land survey system or even survey township. Another form of survey may involve sciences of the earth, like soil survey. Deviation survey is used in construction and there is the academia survey whose purpose is to enable opinions and information to be collected for the improvement of the educational sector. In this essay, attention will be driven towards survey that is concerned with teachers and their technological training needs. With changing technology, people should know how the new technology works, particularly teachers. Surveys done before have proven to be successful as the information collected has proved to be vital towards development in the educational sector. The purpose of this survey is to ensure that all teaching personnel in Qatar are conversant with technological changes (Qatar, 2010). The teaching system in Qatar needs educational reform since its educational development system is at its critical st age and initiative needs to be taken in order to ensure that the future of Qatar students is channeled towards their success. The purpose of this survey is to establish how technology can and is being used in teacher education and if meets the current needs of teacher trainees in Qatar (Sapsford, 2007).   QUESTIONARE A. ... 3. Which sites do you value most when it comes to website usage? 4. Which ICT courses have you attended for the past 5 years? 5. Have you attended or do you have a membership in a professional association that is associated with ICT training? 6. Do you know the benefits of in-service training in ICT? YES/NO. If yes, can you be able to mention them, and where possible, include the disadvantages and advantages of such. 7. How many types of ICT use do you know? Name them. 8. What is the contribution to the professional development of others in terms of ICT? C. TRAINING NEEDS 1. Why do you need training in the ICT? 2. How many types of ICT use are you conversant with? 3. In terms of internet use, how would you describe its importance to students and how will you ensure that students become more internet literate? 4. Do you have an email address? 5. What is your purpose of using the internet? 6. Have you ever taught in any other institution or school other than the one that you are in? YE S/NO. Name them and indicate whether computer related subjects were taught. 7. Would you like training in specialized educational software? YES/NO. 8. Would you like training in subject specific training? YES/NO. If so, which particular subject would you require subject specific training? 9. Do you know how to format a disk? YES/NO 10. Do you know how to check a computer for a virus, or manage a file in a computer? YES/NO D.ATTITUDES TOWARDS ICT 1. 1. How do you feel about the advanced technological changes that are facing today’s society? 2. 3. Do you think that with the coming of technology, there is going to be an erosion of culture and tradition? YES/NO. If so, what do you propose should be done in order to ensure

Ethics Development, Understanding & Application Essay

Ethics Development, Understanding & Application - Essay Example Ethics too considers the psychophysical behavior of human beings, but always with reference to some standard of what behavior ought to be. Behavior considered in terms of a moral situation is called conduct. A psychologist who tried to use the technique of the mathematician or physicist would find that his results bore little relation to the qualitative variety of people's minds. Similarly, the methods appropriate to ethics are not identical with the methods that have given effective results in biology, psychology, economics, or law. Ethics stands in important relations to each of these disciplines, but whatever materials the ethical philosopher may draw from related fields he draws simply as material to which his own distinctive method is to be applied. The ethics have great concerns with the societal trends, a person cannot be known as ethical who doing something that is actually considered good in his own view but the society condemns it. It is also dealing with the personal sense of choosing between right and wrong, if a person is acting in a way that is making himself feel wrong, then it is unethical. The Morals have although got direct concern with the ethics, the values are the trends that are set by the society no matter they are right or wrong for anyone but they are being followed by most of the individuals in the society and are considered to be right by the majority. Values again have direct concerns with the ethics as they define what actually is right and wrong, what is good and what is evil. Values are just our beliefs, or standards that we take into account on daily basis. My ethics have just been very much similar to what every one is following here, I consider the prohibited wrong and the usual practices right. I have been ethically sound as I know many of the things wrong, I consider breaking a traffic rule to be unethical, I consider hitting or fighting with someone to be unethical, I consider going for prayers to be very ethical, and also I consider to have illicit relation to be extremely unethical. I consider respecting elders to be ethical and cheating to be very unethical. Also religion have some influence in making me ethically more superior, the parents and the family have played even a bigger role in providing me with knowledge of what is socially acceptable. Friends and teachers also have got a lot to do with what I consider right and wrong. In my view, there are many forces that are making me understand the ethics, the rights and wrongs. Overall, the society, the parents, the religion, the friends and teachers have made me understood the ethical practices. My religion influenced my ethical behavior by emphasizing on many things considered to be wrong for instance by prohibiting the illicit relations. The society influenced my ethical behavior by giving me the concept of what could lead to punishment and what could lead to reward. My parents influenced my ethical behavior by perhaps not fighting with each other and living together after marriage with a proper sharing of everything with each other. My friends influenced my ethical behavior by ensuring that they are not really involved in any such criminal acts like drugs and other crimes. My teachers influenced my eth

Designing a teacher survey about teacher education in Qatar Research Paper

Designing a teacher survey about teacher education in Qatar - Research Paper Example Survey can be in terms of geography; like aerial survey, communal land survey system or even survey township. Another form of survey may involve sciences of the earth, like soil survey. Deviation survey is used in construction and there is the academia survey whose purpose is to enable opinions and information to be collected for the improvement of the educational sector. In this essay, attention will be driven towards survey that is concerned with teachers and their technological training needs. With changing technology, people should know how the new technology works, particularly teachers. Surveys done before have proven to be successful as the information collected has proved to be vital towards development in the educational sector. The purpose of this survey is to ensure that all teaching personnel in Qatar are conversant with technological changes (Qatar, 2010). The teaching system in Qatar needs educational reform since its educational development system is at its critical st age and initiative needs to be taken in order to ensure that the future of Qatar students is channeled towards their success. The purpose of this survey is to establish how technology can and is being used in teacher education and if meets the current needs of teacher trainees in Qatar (Sapsford, 2007).   QUESTIONARE A. ... 3. Which sites do you value most when it comes to website usage? 4. Which ICT courses have you attended for the past 5 years? 5. Have you attended or do you have a membership in a professional association that is associated with ICT training? 6. Do you know the benefits of in-service training in ICT? YES/NO. If yes, can you be able to mention them, and where possible, include the disadvantages and advantages of such. 7. How many types of ICT use do you know? Name them. 8. What is the contribution to the professional development of others in terms of ICT? C. TRAINING NEEDS 1. Why do you need training in the ICT? 2. How many types of ICT use are you conversant with? 3. In terms of internet use, how would you describe its importance to students and how will you ensure that students become more internet literate? 4. Do you have an email address? 5. What is your purpose of using the internet? 6. Have you ever taught in any other institution or school other than the one that you are in? YE S/NO. Name them and indicate whether computer related subjects were taught. 7. Would you like training in specialized educational software? YES/NO. 8. Would you like training in subject specific training? YES/NO. If so, which particular subject would you require subject specific training? 9. Do you know how to format a disk? YES/NO 10. Do you know how to check a computer for a virus, or manage a file in a computer? YES/NO D.ATTITUDES TOWARDS ICT 1. 1. How do you feel about the advanced technological changes that are facing today’s society? 2. 3. Do you think that with the coming of technology, there is going to be an erosion of culture and tradition? YES/NO. If so, what do you propose should be done in order to ensure

The significance of conflict Essay Example for Free

The significance of conflict Essay In the Kite Runner, conflict is evident throughout; physical conflict of the war, Baba’s internal fight against cancer, Hassan’s constant battle with the society he lived in, Sohrab’s struggle to accept and trust Amir, but none more prominent than Amir’s conflict with his emotions and his own image of himself. The entirety of Hosseini’s novel is based around the self-conscious narrative of a guilty man who struggles to come to terms with the consequences of the, decisively wrong, decisions he made as a child, which seems to have caused a domino effect on his whole life, never truly able to make the right choice until the end of the novel when he finally chose to stand up and stand up for what is right instead of running and hiding- saving the last ounce of his brothers happiness, his son, Sohrab. The very first line of the novel is suggestive of Amir’s inner turmoil, â€Å"I became what I am today at the age of twelve†, as it gives the impression that he doesn’t even think himself to deserve being thought of as human, but rather prefers to be looked at as some sort of creature, incapable of acting in a humane manner, through the authors choice for the narrator to use the word â€Å"what†, rather than â€Å"who†, in the hopes of making us dislike the narrator, as he does himself. This emotional havoc that he faces effects the resolution of the story, as the crushing remorse that he has carried with him since he was twelve years old, propelled him forward, so he could finally begin to unload some of it after having done a good deed, his actions pleading for forgiveness from all he has hurt, especially Hassan, his friend and brother. Robert Browning’s ‘The Laboratory’ is a poem about the conflicted emotions of a woman who wishes to punish those who have hurt her, seeming to be very enthusiastic about the crime she was about to commit, though her confidence can be used to mask the way she was desperately trying to fight her conflicted emotions away. In my opinion, the female narrator in this poem is trying desperately to hide the fact that she is undoubtedly terrified of the reality of what she was doing, which is shown in the way Browning writes â€Å"He  is with her, and they know that I know†- the simplistic, monosyllabic structure of this line suggests that the narrator feels that she must remind herself of the thing that her driven her to act in such a way, fuelling her anger so she was able to complete the task with no remorse. As the poem begins in medias res, we aren’t entirely sure of the events that occurred that were able to drive her to such a point, in which she had contemplated taking another person’s life, but we do know that it was these occurrences that caused the confusing mix of feelings that swarmed her mind and affected the resolution of the poem. Her confusion seems to be a result of the narrators need for some sort of revenge, to soothe her pain, heartbreak and humiliation combined with sorrow, as she seems to believe the affair was entirely her partner’s mistress’s fault as she was said to have â€Å"ensnared him†, still loving her companion dearly. This anger pushed her forwards into doing something she wasn’t entirely comfortable in doing, her anxiousness being repeatedly shown throughout the poem in her curiosity, for example â€Å"is that poison too?†, yet she completes the task she set out to so as to punish those she felt necessary. In The Patriot, one of the types of conflict experienced by the narrator would be an internal battle over whether he truly considered himself to be guilty of the crime they were punishing him for. It is suggested throughout the poem, that the narrator is a man who has fallen from grace, after having been considered a God-like figure that everybody respected and looked to for guidance, but failed to provide it, even though he tried his best. For example, a quote from the poem says â€Å"it was I who leaped at the sun to give it to my loving friends to keep†, giving the impression that he really did try to give the best to the people of the town as he cared for them all, considering them as his closest friends, and is trying to convince the reader that he is not guilty, pleading innocence, as the only crime he had committed was being human, and making a mistake. His own opposition to this argument, however, is underlying all of his words, in the repetitive and never changing rhyme scheme, which is indicative of his resignation and acceptance of his fate, choosing unconsciously not to argue with what the people were doing to him, because he, in some ways, agrees with what they are doing as, though he doesn’t feel guilty of the things they say he did,  he feels responsible for his actions causing so much trouble. This affects the resolution of the story as the narrator seemingly allows the people do whatever they please, choosing to surrender without a fight, glad to be gone in the end as he feels he would be safer with God- â€Å"God shall repay: I am safer so.† In Browning’s ‘The Pied Piper of Hamelin’, there is a more overt physical conflict between two of the main characters of the poem; the mayor and the pied piper. The resolution of the poem was affected by a dispute over an issue of pride and money. The piper was a very proud man, who was well aware of his capabilities and wanted to ensure everyone who knew him, knew that he was their hero, believing he deserved some sort of recognition for his talents, in a rather arrogant manner as he is seen to boast to anyone who will listen about the challenges he had already faced, and those he planned to face, in his ‘career’- â€Å"having left, in the Caliph’s kitchen, Of a nest of scorpions no survivor†, choosing to name drop, to show how impressive he was thought to be. The selfish nature of the mayor is portrayed in the way that he is said to have spent the taxes of the townspeople on â€Å"gowns lines with ermine† for himself and the rest of his â€Å"corporation†, when the town was writhing in rats that were wreaking havoc in everyone’s daily lives. This clash of personalities affected the resolution of the poem greatly as, had the mayor not been so completely concerned with his own wellbeing over that of the town he was supposed to be looking after, and paid what the pied piper was promised and deserving of (â€Å"A thousand guilders! Come take fifty†), the piper would not have been angered and humiliated, and so, would not have resulted in the capturing of the children of the town.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ntms Economics Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ntms Economics Essay What are non-tariff measures (NTMs)? As the term implies, any policy measures other than tariffs can be included in NTMs that can impact trade flows. At a broad level, NTMs can suitably be separated into three categories. A first category of NTMs are those imposed on imports. This category includes import quotas, import prohibitions, import licensing, and customs procedures and administration fees. A second category of NTMs are those imposed on exports. These include export taxes, export subsidies, export quotas, export prohibitions, and voluntary export restraints. These first two categories encompass NTMs that are applied at the border, either to imports or to exports. A third and final category of NTMs are those imposed internally in the domestic economy. Such behind-the-border measures include domestic legislation covering health/ technical/ product/ labor/ environmental standards, internal taxes or charges, and domestic subsidies. Types of Non-Tariff Barriers The non-tariff measure include of some constraint to trade. Here are some examples of the popular NTMs Licenses A document which is issued by a national government allowing the importation of certain goods into its area is called an import license. Import licenses are believed to be non-tariff barriers to trade when it is used to distinguish in opposition to any other goods of another country so as to guard a local industry from foreign competition. The volume of import allowed is specified in each license, and the total volume allowed should not go above the quota. Importing companies can buy the licenses at a competitive price,  or simply a fee. However, it is said that this distribution method endow with encouragement for political lobbying and  corruption. certain restrictions can be imposed on imported goods as well as the amt of imported goods. Quotas A quota is a quantity restriction used in international trade, usually on imports, but it could also be on exports, focusing on licensing of the foreign trade that is nearly related to quantitative restrictions. This category includes global quotas-a system that protects domestic industries by being restrictive on the cost of international trade- and seasonal quotas. Quantitative controls on foreign trade transactions are done through one time license. Quantitative restriction on exports and imports is a direct administrative type of government regulation of foreign trade. Quotas and licenses restrict the independence of enterprises in respect of entering the foreign markets, narrowing the range of countries, and also minimize the range of countries for transaction in case of certain commodities. However, it turns out to be that the system of quota and licensing exports and imports whilst establishing firm control over foreign trade in some particular goods, happen to be more supple and of use than economic instruments of international trade regulation. This is defined by the fact, that licensing and quota systems are a key instrument of trade regulation which is an important part of the world. The result of this trade barrier is seen in the loss of consumer due to an increase in prices and limited selection of goods. An import quota controls the volume of many commodities that can be imported in a country during a specific period of time. An export restricts a certain amount of goods that can leave the country. The reason for imposing of export quota by country is due to the control of goods that is fundamental to the country and the manipulative price found on international level. Embargo   The incomplete or  entire exclusion of commerce and trade with a particular  country, in order to isolate it is called embargo.   A strong political measure imposed in an effort, by the  imposing country, to remove a given national-interest result from the country on which it is imposed is considered as embargoes. It is same as  economic sanctions and is often taken as legal barriers to trade, not to be confused with obstructions, which are usually taken to be acts of war. The same principle is used for most trade barriers: the obligation of some kind of cost on trade that increases the price of the traded  goods. If many nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a  trade war results Subsidy   A subsidy is a type of financial support paid to  a business or  economic sector. The  government makes most subsidies to  producers or distributors in an industry to stop the decline of that business or a boost in the prices of its goods or plainly to persuade  it to employ more labor. Some examples of subsidies to  encourage the sale of exports; subsidies on some foods to keep  down the cost of living, especially in cities; and  subsidies to support the expansion of farm production and achieve self-reliance  in food production Import deposits Import deposits is a type of deposit required importers to put a certain of money in an account for a significant period of time whose purpose is to guarantee that import duties will be paid, or the deposit may simply be a non-tariff barrier intended to discourage imports. Why NTMs The drastic rise in the use of non-tariff barriers stemmed largely from the WTO new rules about reduction in tariff use, which formed part of the WTOs mission to ensure free trade across the globe. While the WTO rules do allow for the use of NTBs in some circumstances, the specifications about when they can be used are very strict such that they can only be employed for purposes such as to guarantee health, safety or sanitation, or to safeguard non-renewable natural resources. Should NTMs be used for other purposes, they are deemed to be ways of evading free trade rules. Apart from the WTO, such rules, which are set to curb the use of tariffs as they are threats to free trade, are also laid out by institutions like the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Another reason for the transition from tariffs to NTMs is that many countries, especially developed ones, do not have to rely on tariffs as a source of funding anymore, like they did in their early stages of development. They can afford to switch to other trade barriers that do not involve tariffs, but that still provide them with a means to regulate international trade. Moreover, NTBs allow these countries to help weak industries or provide compensation to those industries that have been adversely impacted by the WTO laws on reduction of tariffs. Also, it is a logical way for countries to respond to the reduction of tariffs since it has been declared that tariffs are no more to be used, NTBs offer traders an alternate method of influencing the market. Thus, NTBs can be quite similar to tariffs, apart for a few exceptions. After the laws of tariff reduction were enacted during the eight rounds of negotiations in the WTO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), those who persisted in believing in the concept of protectionism have turned to NTBs. In fact, most of the NTMs can be defined as protectionist measures. In short, NTBs can be thought of as a new means of protection which has replaced tariffs as the old method of protection. Advantages and Disadvantages of NTMs Advantages Since the main purpose of NTMs is protectionism, the advantages of NTMs will also mainly be those of protectionism. Non-tariff barriers help protect the development of new industries against foreign rivals. If foreign industries compete with domestic industries that are not developed enough or large enough yet to take advantage of economies of scale, then NTBs, such as import quotas, can protect the infant industry from too much competition through its maturing stages until it can compete on its own. Similarly, NTMs also offer protection to certain economies against foreign countries that are interested to trade with them only because they know that the domestic economies will not be able to face competition from them and will eventually collapse, leaving them a monopoly of the domestic market. An example of such unfair trading is dumping. The barriers to trade protect the domestic economies from such countries with an unfair relative advantage. It is believed that the use of NTBs can result in increased domestic employment. Since foreign firms create jobs abroad, NTBs such as import quotas, reduce imports, make domestic production rise instead, and thus create domestic employment. Also, reducing imports from countries with cheaper labour levels the competition compared to the higher wages being paid for local production. NTBs, moreover, by cutting down imports, help countries boost those local industries that are concerned with the national security and also those industries which help give the country economic independence. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of NTMs is that they hinder free trade and the benefits that accompany the latter. The protectionist aspect of NTBs discourages competition from bigger industries and also from foreign countries. While this might help domestic firms and industries to grow at first, in the long run, it in fact dampens future growth. This is because, due to the lack of competition, domestic firms can then afford to provide a narrow choice of goods to customers, to lower the goods quality, and to raise their prices. Because of this inefficient production, there is also no more incentive for the firms to strive for constant innovation and excellence. Thus, ultimately, NTBs do not help in the future growth of firms. There is another way in which NTMs drive up the prices of goods in the domestic economy. By restricting access to foreign countries where goods could be made more cheaply, more resources have to be employed domestically itself to make the same goods at a higher price. Also, while free trade allows countries to benefit from the concept of comparative advantage, the use NTMs prevents countries from enjoying these benefits. If countries specialise only in the production of goods in which they have a competitive advantage, this allows each country to produce at the minimum prices. This efficiency in production benefits all parties to the trade. However, NTMs, by restricting trade, do not help in achieving that goal. The use of NTBs can also result in trade wars. By raising trade barriers against a foreign country, the latter can decide to do the same in retaliation. The imports and exports of both countries are thus restricted, and this greatly reduces the markets open to them, lowering their scope for growth and efficiency. If many countries across the world engage in these trade wars, global trade and economic activity will suffer drastically. These retaliations can also quickly spread beyond the source of conflict and affect the countries other economy policies as a way to retaliate. It can be seen that all participants can take advantage of free trade through efficiency of the market, for instance, increased choice and reduced prices. However, non-tariff measures also have their uses and are necessary in certain conditions. There must be a balance between the quest for efficiencies and the use of barriers to trade. EFFECTS OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES (NTMS) Effects on trade It is generally assumed that NTMs have negative effect on trade, even if it has been elusive for quantitative assessment. Sometimes, these policy measures are referred to as barriers, when the emphasis is made on the difficulties an exporter may have to comply with them. In fact, NTMs can hinder exports for countries or companies when they are not able to pay the cost of adapting their product or production process to the norm of a trade partner. Then, another less competitive exporter may be able to take on a restrictive market if it complies with that regulation. NTMs would be trade distorting in this case. However, NTMs may also facilitate trade when they reduce asymmetries in information between consumers and producers, for example about the quality or safety of the product. The effort of complying with NTMS could also help countries to upgrade capacities, (or mitigating institutional deficiencies for monitoring and enforcing regulations, in words of van Tongeren, Begin, Marette, 2009) in which case the ultimate development impact is positive for the exporting country. On the importing countrys side, NTMs could reduce negative externalities, for example in the case of environmental threat or food safety. Effects on Price A quota is defined as an upper limit on the number of units of a commodity that can be imported into a country. When such a restriction is imposed, domestic consumers are prevented from buying an imported good, the supply of which is no longer perfectly elastic as it would have been in a free trade situation resulting in a rise in the price of the product. This can be better explained using a demand and supply diagram as follows: In a situation where there is free trade and no barriers to trade are imposed then at the world price of wp domestic producers will supply Q1 and Q1-Q2 will be imported, i.e, equilibrium quantity will be at Q1. The supply curve to the domestic market will be denoted by the curve ABws. The effect of imposing a quota will be to limit the amount of imported goods. Let us suppose that the quota cut imports from Q1-Q2 to Q1-Q3. A new supply curve can now be drawn incorporating the amount of the quota (Q1-Q3). The world price wp no longer acts as the supply curve but instead the latter is represented by the curve ABCSS. we can nothe that the new equilibrium will be at E and the new equilibrium price will be at pq. It is clear that price has risen from the implementation of quota. This is explained by the fact that the supply of the commodity is now restricted causing a slight increase in the price of the commodity. The extent of the increase will depend on the quota imposed. The lower the quota, the higher will be the price. A simple example can be taken to explain the above theory. Suppose you have milk imported freely into a country and account for 50% of the domestic demand. If government imposes a quota on the amount that can be imported, the supply of milk will fall giving rise to a shortage. This shortage will exert pressure on price which will finally rise to eliminate that shortage and restore the equilibrium. Effects on society Another measure is embargo. This is a complete ban on imported product. Such a measure can be imposed to protect the society as whole. For example, a country may ban or severely curtail the importation of things such as harmful drugs, pornographic literature and live animals. Had embargoes not imposed on such products, society would suffer enormous damage as they have high level of negative externalities Effects on multinational Import quotas generally have a negative impact on multinational companies. These enterprises such as Nike and General Motors are intensively engaged in international trade as domestic consumption only cannot meet their high targets. When a quota is imposed on their goods by a major buyer, MNCs must find other markets to supply their products, otherwise they will have to cut production and profits figure will suffer. Effects on employment However, import quotas affect positively domestic employment. The fall in imports will divert demand to local suppliers and the latter will have to increase production to cover the gap which foreign products used to occupy. This applies to domestic supplies that have the capabilities and were unable to compete internationally. In order to boost production, they will have to recruit more people. This will have a multiplier effect in the economy giving rise a lower unemployment rate and higher economic growth. How globalisation is affecting NTMs? Globalisation is a process by which countries are linked altogether in a peaceful manner as view to only one planet. In technical terms, it is described as being a process by which national and regional economies, societies and cultures have all been united via global network of trade, communication, immigration and transportation. Hence a worldwide movement towards economic, financial, trade and communications integration. Recently, globalization expanded its field to other activities such as social areas. At present, globalization also considers culture, media, technology, socio-cultural, political and biological factors. The evolving nature of NTMS has gained an important place in international trade today. More recently, it has been considered in the annual World Trade Report of 2012. Most trade agreements clearly speaks of tariff reductions whereby leaving less than halfway entrance for NTMs. It has nonetheless the capacity to reduce the effectiveness of tariff reductions upon agreement. NTMs have ever since in its introductory mode been driven by multiple policy motives and are still subject to change. These policies in themselves have evolved through the years as countries forged agreements and became interdependent through globalization. NTMs has become a necessity not only to protect domestic industries but to the globalized world as a whole. Globalisation raised changes in countries among which are increased social awareness, growing concerns regarding health, safety and environmental quality which led to increase in NTMs. For the better understanding of the impact of globalization on NTMs, trade in goods and services were considered. Examples of regulatory measures are Technical Barriers to Trade and Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary measures in goods and regulations in services which have recently cropped up. These measures do not have a direct influence on trade but have a strong influence on trade agreements and amount of trade between countries. Some say that NTMs have been encouraged via globalization for a viable peace. Public policy can thus enhance trade flows in a positive or even negative way. Trade in services has evolved in recent years and is no longer similar to traditional trade. New policies came into fo rce to handle these new trends. Globalisation relates to WTO. Trade in services has the relatively same importance as trade in goods for good networks between countries. The WTO knows they hold the same weight in international production affairs and hence measures to restrict trade and competition in the services market that could affect more than the sector directly concerned. Examples where cases are most suited are infrastructural services, spill-over effects on other services and goods. Unlike in the past when NTMS role were solely to protect domestic producers from foreign competition, nowadays NTMs are more to do with public policy objectives. These policies not only consider protectionism but also take precaution measures. In the sector of health and environmental services, NTMS were recently boosted in numbers. NTMS were found not to be an easy task to be observed and quantified, however with globalization, WTO observes that NTMS are meant to have a long stay with their several arrangements between countries which adds to the main agreements. The emerging in change of NTMs with time is not protected against negative effects. NTMs may in other words reduce benefits gained from the main agreement, for example negate some tariff reductions. Moreover, non-tariffs measures have a long list of measures which are also difficult to quantify and also sometimes are invisible in the agreements. In addition to that, those measures are not regular to all countries that it is served and to that, their effect sometimes bring distortions in agreements between sectors and countries. Globalisation is known to have brought changes or complete change in more than one country structure and future. It has greatly changed policies of countries and to that NTMs continue to be evaluated and are still expanding. Quoting from the WTO Director General: Regulatory interventions addressing market failures and international spillovers, with inevitable consequences for trade flows and investments are here to stay. The foremost thought, hence, of NTMs is that it will not have a decreasing or reducing effect on the tariffs agreements between countries. As deducted from above, globalization does not only bring positive results onto a country trade flow. As globalization strengthens alliances amongst nations, NTMs continue to be on the rise in their arrangements. NTMs may also be used as a tool to restrict trade flows in the case of where some countries might be oligopolies of certain commodities on the global market. Technical Barriers to Trade and Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary measures is said to be the source of last resort for some developing countries since it impacts the worst results on them. The reason is that these countries may be differently structured and may not be able to meet those criteria mentioned in the measures. Though, globalization intensify the relationship between countries does bring both good and bad results, harmonious plans between countries may help to reduce the negatives effects. Globalisation has neared most of countries and consequently has brought help where such measures were not easily identified. In simple terms, it has allowed experiences to be shared in recognition and quantitation. In the light of the above, globalization not only brought amendments in NTMs but also has greatly influenced its use in countries. NTMs Measurement Measuring non-tariff barriers remained one of the confusing answered questions for a long time enough. This is mainly because of their inconsistency in countries where they are applied. As these by themselves cannot be measured, their affiliations are quantified to give a result as the measurement of NTMs as a whole. Typologies of the affiliations are: frequency measures, price-change measures, quantity measures, rates of assistance, and indices deflators. A brief discussion of these measures is now to be listed and considered below. Frequency measures Laird Yeats (1990) exposed two frequency measures, namely, frequency ratio and import coverage ratio. Both of them are based on calculation of ratio of commodity lines subject to at least one NTM in total number of lines for the respective group of trade flows. The frequency ratio can be calculated by formula: where Ni is category i of commodity in trade group; Di is dummy variable, Nt is general number of categories in trade group, i.e. i = 1,,T . Dummy variable is used as indicator of NTM: where Di = 1, in good in category i is subject to at least one NTM; otherwise Di = 0. In import coverage ratio, value of imports of commodities subject to at least one NTM is used as a weight instead, unlike the frequency ratio. That way, time factor is considered and it also helps to evaluate the importance of the NTM for the whole trade. B. Price-change measures NTMs often influence price and cause change. Under this section, a measurement on evaluation of changes in price due to the introduction of NTMs is considered. Unlike other measures, it allows direct comparison between impact of tariff and non-tariff trade barriers. Price-change measures are commonly used in international trade theory and a formula was derived; influence of trade restrictions in terms of price and quantity changes. Deardorff Stern (1997) used the most known type of price-change measures which is tariff equivalent. In other words, it is calculated as growth in commodity price before and after use of NTMs. Despite all its positive characteristics, price change as a sole indicator for NTMs of a country is not sufficient. Moreover, the impact of NTMs on change on price is difficult to be taken out of any factors affecting prices. C. Rates of assistance Rates of assistance can be broken down into two types; nominal and effective rate of assistance. Nominal rate of assistance is founded on calculation of a rise in the gross returns from production resulting from protective measures. The effective rate of assistance is the most commonly used and can be calculated as follows; ; where VAN is value added in case when the NTM are applied, and VAB is value added under free trade. These measures fit theories perfectly, nonetheless have drawbacks as it requires mass information that is not always available. The effective rate of assistance is faced with another problem which is to differentiate between the different NTMs in its calculation. D. Indices deflators Anderson and Neary were the first ones who brought the application of trade barriers to both tariffs and non-tariffs measures. They constructed two indices; mercantilist trade restrictiveness index and trade restrictiveness index. These are defined as deflators and when applied to undistorted prices are to produce the same trade volume (mercantilist index) or same real income (for trade restrictiveness index) as the initial set of trade distortions (Anderson Neary, 1996; Anderson Neary, 1999). Application of this method, however, yields problem of collection of necessary prices and differentiation of the impact of NTM from other changes. To summarize all measures are good enough for measurement of general NTMs level in a country. However, criteria, benefits and drawbacks of the different methods must be cared when choosing for specific countries. Conclusion GATT takes on a particular and modest approach to handling NTMs. That approach developed over time, and with the formation of the WTO, the handling of NTMs evolved further still.   Tariffs for goods production were decreased during the eight rounds of negotiations in the WTO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). After reducing of tariffs, the principle of  protectionism  demanded the introduction of new NTMs such as technical barriers to trade (TBT). Increasing consumer demand for secure and environment friendly products also have had their impact on increasing popularity of TBT. Many NTMs are administered by WTO agreements, which originated in the Uruguay Round, as well as GATT articles. NTMs in the field of services have become as significant as in the field of usual trade. The requirement to protect sensitive to import industries, as well as a wide range of trade restrictions, available to the governments of industrialized countries, forcing them to resort to use the NTM, and putting serious obstacles to international trade and world economic growth. Thus, NTMs can be referred as a new of protection which has replaced tariffs as an old form of protection.